Media and Meaning: STUDENTS' TASK FOR WEEK 2
Made In JamaicaBy: Sha Haker s3126012I went to the movie 'Made In Jamaica', that portraits the leaders of the movement and the story behind the music: Religion and Rastafarism, sex, way of life and way of dancing. I found the way in which the movie opened really interesting, but after while the movie started to be all over the place, the characters and the story were not connecting one or other, and not connecting to the beginning of the movie.The movie was talking a lot about freedom and getting out of the ghetto, but all this was more for the men, and not exactly about the women , like they do not deserve freedom. The movie also show disrespect between men and women, throug talking, acting or thinking, and the sad thing that the women look like they are okay with it, and maybe it is because they do not know a different way? But what I found the worst, is that one of the singers (woman) sings without any respect for herself or for other women, so that men will like her and so she can make lots of money.The main thing about the movie was the music in Jamaica, and the sad thing that Reggae is not what it was, and today they try to be more aimed at American industry, with really tacky words, and lots about sex, sex and more sex. Made In JamaicaBy: Sha Haker s3126012I went to the movie 'Made In Jamaica', that portraits the leaders of the movement and the story behind the music: Religion and Rastafarism, sex, way of life and way of dancing. I found the way in which the movie opened really interesting, but after while the movie started to be all over the place, the characters and the story were not connecting one or other, and not connecting to the beginning of the movie.The movie was talking a lot about freedom and getting out of the ghetto, but all this was more for the men, and not exactly about the women , like they do not deserve freedom. The movie also show disrespect between men and women, throug talking, acting or thinking, and the sad thing that the women look like they are okay with it, and maybe it is because they do not know a different way? But what I found the worst, is that one of the singers (woman) sings without any respect for herself or for other women, so that men will like her and so she can make lots of money.The main thing about the movie was the music in Jamaica, and the sad thing that Reggae is not what it was, and today they try to be more aimed at American industry, with really tacky words, and lots about sex, sex and more sex.
Thursday, August 2, 2007
Media and Meaning: STUDENTS' TASK FOR WEEK 2
Media and Meaning: STUDENTS' TASK FOR WEEK 2
Made In Jamaica
By: Sha Haker s3126012
I went to the movie 'Made In Jamaica', that portraits the leaders of the movement and the story behind the music: Religion and Rastafarism, sex, way of life and way of dancing. I found the way in which the movie opened really interesting, but after while the movie started to be all over the place, the characters and the story were not connecting one or other, and not connecting to the beginning of the movie.
The movie was talking a lot about freedom and getting out of the ghetto, but all this was more for the men, and not exactly about the women , like they do not deserve freedom. The movie also show disrespect between men and women, throug talking, acting or thinking, and the sad thing that the women look like they are okay with it, and maybe it is because they do not know a different way? But what I found the worst, is that one of the singers (woman) sings without any respect for herself or for other women, so that men will like her and so she can make lots of money.
The main thing about the movie was the music in Jamaica, and the sad thing that Reggae is not what it was, and today they try to be more aimed at American industry, with really tacky words, and lots about sex, sex and more sex.
Made In Jamaica
By: Sha Haker s3126012
I went to the movie 'Made In Jamaica', that portraits the leaders of the movement and the story behind the music: Religion and Rastafarism, sex, way of life and way of dancing. I found the way in which the movie opened really interesting, but after while the movie started to be all over the place, the characters and the story were not connecting one or other, and not connecting to the beginning of the movie.
The movie was talking a lot about freedom and getting out of the ghetto, but all this was more for the men, and not exactly about the women , like they do not deserve freedom. The movie also show disrespect between men and women, throug talking, acting or thinking, and the sad thing that the women look like they are okay with it, and maybe it is because they do not know a different way? But what I found the worst, is that one of the singers (woman) sings without any respect for herself or for other women, so that men will like her and so she can make lots of money.
The main thing about the movie was the music in Jamaica, and the sad thing that Reggae is not what it was, and today they try to be more aimed at American industry, with really tacky words, and lots about sex, sex and more sex.
Tuesday, June 26, 2007
The Ford Model-T
Ubiquitous
Alana Sutherland s3108081
It used to be the object of my complete embarrassment, a car as old as time (or so I thought), and an engine that sung so loud it could be heard across town. Of course I only felt this embarrassment when in public, at home it was somewhat different. I would lift the plastic sheet protecting the car just enough for me to climb through, awkwardly throwing myself in over the doors which had no windows. The smell of antiquity and leather aroused such a sense of curiosity and adventure within me. And the thought of being caught in my Fathers prized possession was enough to tempt me to continue doing it.
As time passed, I begun to appreciate its beauty and workmanship, and I came to understand (much to my Fathers delight) it’s meaning in a deeper sense. Cars are quite a significant part of my Father and brother’s life, and their interest in unique cars and their restoration has compelled me to uncover the importance of a car like the Model-T.
The year was 1908, and America was headed for a crucial change, socially and particularly economically. The Model-T nurtured a growing population in need of work, through its revolutionary use of the assembly line instead of hand crafted production. Workers were paid well; they were happy and therefore efficient, which meant a car could be completed in 98 minutes. Large amounts of inexpensive automobiles were being produced, and the Model-T Ford was well on its way to being the most affordable automobile for its time. Working middle class Americans were able to enjoy the luxury and freedom an automobile brought to their everyday lives, a pleasure that was usually reserved for the well to do.
The production of the Model-T provided growth for the fuel and rubber industries, and expanded rural America into prosperous cities. It symbolised the inclusion of all classes, and spoke of attainability and affordability, not power and ignorance. The particular car that my father now owns carries with it the same language and story as it did almost a century ago, though it gets lost in the crowd and too many fail to recognise its worth. Its design was magical, the human touch needed at every stage of its boisterous roar into life. It was the human interaction that forged the bond between automobile and owner, a few broken arms the evidence of a stubborn crank handle used to start the engine.
What was to be my childhood sanctuary arrived here in Australia in 1923. The chassis was born in Canada and shipped over to continue its transformation in Melbourne at Bonhiem Bodyworks. The entire body was assembled with as much precision as the very first in 1908. Owned by my Grandpa who lived in outback New South Wales, the car suffered a harsh life, the unforgiving sun and mischievous vermin didn’t care much for its condition. Years passed and the Model-T grew weary from its tortured interior and faded paint. When my Father was old enough, he and his Father began to restore the car to its former glory, a restoration so meticulous that one would find it hard to pick it from an original. The car was handed down to my Father in 1984, perfect timing as this was the car my parents were to escape in after getting married.
My Father possessed a whole shed of old classic cars, most of them Fords, and although he didn’t communicate many of his passions, I knew he felt strongly about his cars and took great pride in them. When it came to my Grandpa’s story he was even less ready to indulge me in his memoirs. To him it represented a time of wealth and change, namely within his own family. When my Father was in his early teens his parents separated, and two of his siblings lived with his father, while he and his sister were raised by his Mother. Having a project like the T-Models restoration gave my Father a chance to bond with his own Father, strangely enough the two of us have followed the same fate. Owning a collectable car myself has allowed for something new to flourish in our relationship, and I imagine this sort of connection is very habitual. It’s comforting to think the T-Model has made such an impact on my families life
Throughout my childhood the car would be taken to car club meets for everyone to idle over, maybe even envy, but for most who were there it was a chance to escape and ponder over something so intrinsic in our everyday lives. I would feel special knowing that I was going home in such a respected piece of history, and I felt for those who hadn’t yet experienced the sheer thrill of riding in such a creation.
The T-Model (as I prefer to call it) reminds me of happier days, when all that mattered was where I was going next and what new game I would play with my brother. The car became a superb hiding place during hide and seek, and even a place to practice our imaginary driving. Surreal weekends would be spent dressing up in Edwardian costume and running about the grounds of dreamy mansions, eating the most fabulous food and guzzling down the soft drink that I was so rarely allowed to have. And I believed the T-Model was our ticket to occasions such as these, I considered myself lucky that I was able to enjoy time spent with my family as not all my friends had exposure to activities outside the home.
That same car now rests in a run down shed out the back of a large property, and hasn’t seen the light of day for a few years, due to the fact that my brother and I grew up and left home. There was no longer the time or the energy to indulge in carefree days, and amongst all the excitement of leaving home I forgot to acknowledge my childhood gifts and the opportunities I had been given. It wasn’t until I was faced with this historical exploration that I began to remember the minor details that I had so readily forgotten. It’s comforting to think the T-Model has made such an impact on my families life.
Thankfully the Model-T is about to be cleansed of all the junk which is currently stored on its back seat, to be given pride of place in a car showroom in my hometown. I just hope that between my Brother and I we can come to some sort of compromise when deciding who gets the car, as the Model-T must continue to tell its story and I would like to be there when that happens.
-The Bofors 40mm Anti-aircraft Gun-
To comprehend the Bofors Company and the 40mm Anti-aircraft Gun it is important to understand the history of Anti-aircraft Warfare and the way in which this influenced the design of the gun. When this is taken into consideration the information concerning the Bofors 40mm gun is easier to understand and will be more enlightening with that awareness. It is important to remember that the technological advancements are well documented and that educated assumptions have to be made to try and perceive the social and political contexts. My research has informed me of what it was like to be around these machines in war time. Today it is not something one gets to scrutinize often and therefore the weapon by and large does not embrace a good deal of emotional tone for youth as it may do for WW-2 and Korean War Veterans.
-Bofors the Company-
The name Bofors has been associated with the iron industry for more than 350 years. Located in Karlskoga, Sweden, it originates from the hammer mill "Boofors" founded 1646. The company was founded in 1873. Bofors' most famous owner was Alfred Nobel who owned the company from 1894 until his death in December of 1896. He had the key role in reshaping the iron manufacturer to a modern cannon manufacturer and chemical industry. The name Bofors is strongly associated with a 40 mm anti-aircraft gun based on a Bofors design which was produced and used by both sides during World War II, and often called simply the Bofors Gun. The gun saw service on land and sea, and became so widely known that anti-aircraft guns in general were often referred to as Bofors guns.
-Anti-aircraft Warfare and the development of-
Anti-aircraft warfare, or air security, is any method of engaging military aircraft in battle from the ground. Various guns and cannons have been used in this role since the first military aircraft were used in World War I. Growing in strength and accuracy, in the post-World War II era the guns were joined by the guided missile, particularly the "surface-to-air missile", and today both are used in cognitio.
Nick names for a variety of anti-aircraft guns include AAA or triple-A; which stands for anti aircraft artillery Archie; which derives from the term "Archibald, certainly not!" and flak; from the German Flugabwehrkanone, aircraft defence cannon.
Standard artillery systems were adapted from long range anti-aircraft artillery by developing new mountings for standard pieces and evolving custom guns with higher performance, with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) fitted. The German 88mm gun is a good model of a large calibre long range anti-aircraft gun that has been outdated by the anti-air missile systems in the 1950’s but because of economic reasons, the anti-aircraft guns are easy to manufacture compared to modern systems, many nations still use them in large numbers
Lighter and more rapid weapons are required for shorter-range efforts to amplify precision on swift targets. Widely used in this role are the 20 mm, 37 mm, and 40 mm weapons. These smaller weapons are still in general use today, unlike their bigger counterparts, because of their ability to quickly follow the target. Systems developed today use the auto cannon feature, originally intended for air to ground use although development in short range missiles could even replace guns in this role too.
Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Larger systems are still able to be mounted on trailers or are designed to be hastily disassembled or assembled but early systems were awkward and needed more roads and rail networks. Mobility has become much more of a focus; recent systems are usually self-propelled (eg. Guns or missiles mounted on trucks or trailers) or hauled easily. Commonly a permanent system can be acknowledged, attacked and destroyed, but a mobile system has the ability to surprise the enemy.
- Development of the 40mm Bofors AAA GUN-
The Swedish Navy purchased a number of small artillery guns, they asked Bofors to develop a 20 mm weapon. Although this 20 mm design was not put into production, the Navy quickly became discomforted with it, and in 1929 enquired with Bofors regarding a more competent replacement. mostly reluctant because of the small Swedish market, Bofors eventually agreed if the navy paid for the development of a prototype. In the late 1800 a smaller version of a 57 mm semi-automatic gun developed as an anti-torpedo boat weapon. The first prototype was a re-barrelled Nordenfelt adding a moving bolt mechanism. The major problem established was feeding the weapon in order to maintain a reasonable rate of fire. A bolt that was heavy enough to handle the stresses of firing the large round was too heavy to move quickly enough to fire swiftly. Zinc shell casings were used to solve the problem as they burned up when fired. It proved to be cumbersome as it left heavy zinc deposits in the barrel and was later dumped. Newer experimental machinery that simply “threw” the round into the gun from the real without guidance was developed. This was the answer they were looking for.
A German company called Krupp acquired a 33% share of Bofors. Krupp engineers started to update factories to use up to date equipment, however the 40mm project stayed silent. The prototype was completed with trails finished in 1930, Bofors reported that manufacture could commence. Bye the end of the year and with changes to the feed mechanism it was firing 130 round per minute. Continued development saw it as a viable weapon in October 1933. The rate of fire was shortened to 120 rounds per minute, but improved when the barrels were horizontal as gravity helped with feeding rounds, as the rounds were fed into the breech from four round clips which had to be replaced by hand. The gun was also notable due to its advanced sighting system. The trainer and layer were both provided with reflector sights for aiming, which a third crewmember standing behind them "adjusted" for lead using a simple mechanical computer. Power for the sights was supplied from a 6V battery.
Bofors developed a suitable towable carriage displayed in Belgium in April 1935, the gun could be fired without setup however with limited precision and if there was time the operators could lower the gun onto supporting pads so the wheels are off the ground, the legs folding out from the side of the mountings, all to be completed in under a minute.
-The British and Australian Army Bofors-
The task of converting the gun from metric to imperial measurements was started when the British bought the licence from Bofors. In order to use the gun for mass production changes had to be made such as the use of an assembly line as the original Bofors design was intended to be hand-assembled, and many parts were labelled "file to fit on assembly".
The gun was considered so important to the defence of
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-Conclusion-
The Swedish firm of Bofors is famous above all for the seemingly immortal 40mm automatic cannon which carries many connotations. Just the mention of Bofors conjures up such imagery of large guns and cannons but the weapon itself does not carry the same malice involved with the connotation of the gun - the fact that guns kill people and are an expression of war and violence - instead the Bofors Anti-aircraft Gun was used as a defensive weapon and therefore displayed a view of strength and gave a psychological advantage to those who use it in defence. The fact that a movie was made about the Bofors in 1940 only reinforces this observation.
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Wikipedia, Bofors. Retrieved May, 29, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors
Wikipedia, Anti-aircraft Warfare. Retrieved May, 29, 2007, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft
Wikipedia, Bofors 40mm. Retrieved May, 29, 2007, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_mm_Bofors
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Friday, June 22, 2007
The Ansonia Clock
Ingrid Maree Jager
3163332
“Dong, dong, dong” the clock chimes indicating it is 3am, far too late for a child to be awake yet if it wasn’t for that incessant donging I would probably still be peacefully dreaming. This is the song that characterised the nights of my childhood.
How I loathed that clock as a child, rudely disturbing me from my adventure filled dreams of lolly lands and endless joys and how I loathe it even more when combined with the throbbing aftermath of a big night. However only recently did I discover that this clock has tormented not only myself and my sister but several generations of the Jager family.
The wooden clock which has stood atop a mantel piece in my father’s house for as far back as I remember was not simply the purchase of a chronic antique buyer but rather a family heirloom of sorts rich in history.
It is not simply a clock but rather an Ansonia Clock that sits in the dining room amongst pieces of furniture passed down through time and under the watchful eye of those who formerly owned it.
The clock was designed and built by the Ansonia Clock Company, a company established in 1850 by a wealthy industrialist, Anson C Phelps and two successful Bristol, Connecticut clock manufacturers. The clock company was established as a subsidiary company to the Ansonia Brass Company, part of the Phelps Dodge Brass Co., as a way in which to utilise the brass they were manufacturing. By the late 1930s rolled brass clock movements had virtually eliminated those made of wood and cast brass, thus Anson Phelps saw a clock company as the ideal way to maximise his earnings by profiting on the sale of the raw material and also its polished form. It is believed that the company prospered by using aggressive sales techniques believing “the more clocks made and sold, the more brass they would use.”
By the late 19th and early 20th century, after having endured numerous fires destroying factories in several cities, the Ansonia Clock Company had established itself as one of the major clock manufacturers. Ansonia clocks were seen and sold all over the world. During this time the company had a vast array, almost 450, clock designs on offer including; cabinet, carriage, crystal regulators, galley, black iron, figurine, kitchen, alarms, mantel, onyx, marble, novelty, porcelain, and china.
In the late 1880s, at the height of the Ansonia Clock Company’s fame, a young couple by the name of Detlef and Emily Jager, my great grandparents, made an exciting purchase, they bought an Ansonia clock. At the time Ansonia clocks were very popular due to the wide variety of designs at a range of prices they were a clock attainable for many. It has been said that owning an Ansonia clock would have been like having a DVD player today, every middle class family would have had one. Clocks were somewhat a fashion item for your home and, I’d imagine, a way to demonstrate one’s wealth and prestige.
Emily and Detlef’s clock was a tall mantel clock made of a combination of rose wood and walnut with a hand painted glass window. The painting on the glass is designed to slightly frame the beautiful brass swing hanging behind it. The painting itself is done with a white paint and recalls the planter destination of old in Arabic countries. The clock has two mirrored panels, one on either side of the clock which work to reflect the golden cherubs playfully perched at the edge of either side of the clock. At the top of the clock, the wooden shape of the clock comes to a point with a fan like section of detail in the centre. In front of the base of this fan is the face of a man who seems to be of mythology or ancient times. The clock face itself, sits directly below this man and at the base of the clock there is a winged cupid face style crest. The clock is marked “Anson, New York”, indicating that it was built in New York most likely in the Brooklyn factory. The Ansonia Clock Co. moved to New York from Connecticut in 1979 so this mark informs us the clock was built after this time.
Unfortunately for Emily and Detlef, whilst they lived a happy life together, enjoying the births of their children and the highs and lows of life, they were not destined to live a long life together. On December 24th, Christmas Eve, 1912 Detlef Jager died at the young age 39 years old, merely 5 years after my grandfather was born. It is now believed that he probably died of heart failure as the medical staff at the time had put leeches on him to bleed him.
At around the same time the Ansonia Clock Company was facing fierce competition to its novelty clock range and brought in a special sale of clocks at “old pricing”. The tactic was a failure and sent the company into serious debt and by the end of the 1920s the company had entered receivership, a few months before the stock market crash.
On the other side of the world, the young widowed Emily raised the children on her own with the help of family and friends. Unfortunately, Emily too did not live a healthy life and her son, my grandfather, Alan Stuart Jager (born 1907) had to decline a scholarship to Wesley College so as he could look after his ailing mother.
The clock remained with Emily after Detlef died, a reminder of the life they lived together, standing, as it always had, on the mantel piece above the fireplace. The centre of the altar at the heart of the family home.
In 1954 my grandfather, Alan Stuart Jager (aka Butterballs) returned to Melbourne from living in Brisbane after having lost his wife whilst she was giving birth to their first daughter. Unfortunately his return was brought on by the death of his mother, Emily. At this time Alan acquired the Ansonia clock from his family home, the home in which Emily and Detlef had lived in Bendigo. The clock was part of his inheritance.
The clock’s journey then saw it travel to Hartwell, a small part of Camberwell, Melbourne, where Alan lived with his new wife Alma Jager, my nanna. The clock was given a new prized spot on the mantel piece. However this house was not to be for long and the couple moved to Mt Waverley. This move was a fairly permanent and the clock was allocated a familiar position above the mantel piece but in the dining room this time, no longer a lounge room relic. From this position the clock was able to watch over the family which had yielded three children by this stage, two girls and a boy, whilst also adding an element of formality to the dining room.
At sometime in the 1950s early 60s Alan and Alma Jager decided to modernise his parents’ clock and they had the two petulant golden cherubs removed.
A little while later, at some point in the 1960s, the clock stopped. It was unknown what had caused this strange thing to happen as the clock had never stopped before or had any problems. The facts were examined and it was established that the clock stopped working after the cleaner had moved it. However, the clock was not repaired although it continued to live on the mantel piece. The ceasing of the “dong, dong, dong” that had characterised almost a century came as a welcome surprise to Alma who was a bit of a grouchy lady, a little disillusioned by life.
The family later moved to Syndal and although no longer in working condition, the clock remained on mantle piece in the dining room. After Alan, my grandfather died in 1987 the clock continued to keep my nanna company in the dining room. However, when my nanna, Alma, had a stroke and was moved into a nursing home in 1993 my father purchased some of the family furniture off her, including the clock.
After 30 years of silence, my father decided to finally have the clock repaired so as it could chime its age old chime once more. The clock man who undertook the repairs was amazed because all the clock movements were in such good condition due to the fact they hadn’t been moving for 30 or so years. He was able to return the clock to working order rather simply and he was not required to use any new parts meaning that the clock was in its original state minus a pair of cherubs. My father had not been aware there were ever cherubs on the clock until he met the clock man, who as soon as he set eyes upon the mantel clock knew that they were missing. The clock man organised new cherubs, which were surprisingly easy to obtain, to be installed where the others had formerly sat. Thus returning the clock to its original state to “dong, dong, dong”, to go on and continue to torment several more generations of Jagers long after we have all gone.
3163332
“Dong, dong, dong” the clock chimes indicating it is 3am, far too late for a child to be awake yet if it wasn’t for that incessant donging I would probably still be peacefully dreaming. This is the song that characterised the nights of my childhood.
How I loathed that clock as a child, rudely disturbing me from my adventure filled dreams of lolly lands and endless joys and how I loathe it even more when combined with the throbbing aftermath of a big night. However only recently did I discover that this clock has tormented not only myself and my sister but several generations of the Jager family.
The wooden clock which has stood atop a mantel piece in my father’s house for as far back as I remember was not simply the purchase of a chronic antique buyer but rather a family heirloom of sorts rich in history.
It is not simply a clock but rather an Ansonia Clock that sits in the dining room amongst pieces of furniture passed down through time and under the watchful eye of those who formerly owned it.
The clock was designed and built by the Ansonia Clock Company, a company established in 1850 by a wealthy industrialist, Anson C Phelps and two successful Bristol, Connecticut clock manufacturers. The clock company was established as a subsidiary company to the Ansonia Brass Company, part of the Phelps Dodge Brass Co., as a way in which to utilise the brass they were manufacturing. By the late 1930s rolled brass clock movements had virtually eliminated those made of wood and cast brass, thus Anson Phelps saw a clock company as the ideal way to maximise his earnings by profiting on the sale of the raw material and also its polished form. It is believed that the company prospered by using aggressive sales techniques believing “the more clocks made and sold, the more brass they would use.”
By the late 19th and early 20th century, after having endured numerous fires destroying factories in several cities, the Ansonia Clock Company had established itself as one of the major clock manufacturers. Ansonia clocks were seen and sold all over the world. During this time the company had a vast array, almost 450, clock designs on offer including; cabinet, carriage, crystal regulators, galley, black iron, figurine, kitchen, alarms, mantel, onyx, marble, novelty, porcelain, and china.
In the late 1880s, at the height of the Ansonia Clock Company’s fame, a young couple by the name of Detlef and Emily Jager, my great grandparents, made an exciting purchase, they bought an Ansonia clock. At the time Ansonia clocks were very popular due to the wide variety of designs at a range of prices they were a clock attainable for many. It has been said that owning an Ansonia clock would have been like having a DVD player today, every middle class family would have had one. Clocks were somewhat a fashion item for your home and, I’d imagine, a way to demonstrate one’s wealth and prestige.
Emily and Detlef’s clock was a tall mantel clock made of a combination of rose wood and walnut with a hand painted glass window. The painting on the glass is designed to slightly frame the beautiful brass swing hanging behind it. The painting itself is done with a white paint and recalls the planter destination of old in Arabic countries. The clock has two mirrored panels, one on either side of the clock which work to reflect the golden cherubs playfully perched at the edge of either side of the clock. At the top of the clock, the wooden shape of the clock comes to a point with a fan like section of detail in the centre. In front of the base of this fan is the face of a man who seems to be of mythology or ancient times. The clock face itself, sits directly below this man and at the base of the clock there is a winged cupid face style crest. The clock is marked “Anson, New York”, indicating that it was built in New York most likely in the Brooklyn factory. The Ansonia Clock Co. moved to New York from Connecticut in 1979 so this mark informs us the clock was built after this time.
Unfortunately for Emily and Detlef, whilst they lived a happy life together, enjoying the births of their children and the highs and lows of life, they were not destined to live a long life together. On December 24th, Christmas Eve, 1912 Detlef Jager died at the young age 39 years old, merely 5 years after my grandfather was born. It is now believed that he probably died of heart failure as the medical staff at the time had put leeches on him to bleed him.
At around the same time the Ansonia Clock Company was facing fierce competition to its novelty clock range and brought in a special sale of clocks at “old pricing”. The tactic was a failure and sent the company into serious debt and by the end of the 1920s the company had entered receivership, a few months before the stock market crash.
On the other side of the world, the young widowed Emily raised the children on her own with the help of family and friends. Unfortunately, Emily too did not live a healthy life and her son, my grandfather, Alan Stuart Jager (born 1907) had to decline a scholarship to Wesley College so as he could look after his ailing mother.
The clock remained with Emily after Detlef died, a reminder of the life they lived together, standing, as it always had, on the mantel piece above the fireplace. The centre of the altar at the heart of the family home.
In 1954 my grandfather, Alan Stuart Jager (aka Butterballs) returned to Melbourne from living in Brisbane after having lost his wife whilst she was giving birth to their first daughter. Unfortunately his return was brought on by the death of his mother, Emily. At this time Alan acquired the Ansonia clock from his family home, the home in which Emily and Detlef had lived in Bendigo. The clock was part of his inheritance.
The clock’s journey then saw it travel to Hartwell, a small part of Camberwell, Melbourne, where Alan lived with his new wife Alma Jager, my nanna. The clock was given a new prized spot on the mantel piece. However this house was not to be for long and the couple moved to Mt Waverley. This move was a fairly permanent and the clock was allocated a familiar position above the mantel piece but in the dining room this time, no longer a lounge room relic. From this position the clock was able to watch over the family which had yielded three children by this stage, two girls and a boy, whilst also adding an element of formality to the dining room.
At sometime in the 1950s early 60s Alan and Alma Jager decided to modernise his parents’ clock and they had the two petulant golden cherubs removed.
A little while later, at some point in the 1960s, the clock stopped. It was unknown what had caused this strange thing to happen as the clock had never stopped before or had any problems. The facts were examined and it was established that the clock stopped working after the cleaner had moved it. However, the clock was not repaired although it continued to live on the mantel piece. The ceasing of the “dong, dong, dong” that had characterised almost a century came as a welcome surprise to Alma who was a bit of a grouchy lady, a little disillusioned by life.
The family later moved to Syndal and although no longer in working condition, the clock remained on mantle piece in the dining room. After Alan, my grandfather died in 1987 the clock continued to keep my nanna company in the dining room. However, when my nanna, Alma, had a stroke and was moved into a nursing home in 1993 my father purchased some of the family furniture off her, including the clock.
After 30 years of silence, my father decided to finally have the clock repaired so as it could chime its age old chime once more. The clock man who undertook the repairs was amazed because all the clock movements were in such good condition due to the fact they hadn’t been moving for 30 or so years. He was able to return the clock to working order rather simply and he was not required to use any new parts meaning that the clock was in its original state minus a pair of cherubs. My father had not been aware there were ever cherubs on the clock until he met the clock man, who as soon as he set eyes upon the mantel clock knew that they were missing. The clock man organised new cherubs, which were surprisingly easy to obtain, to be installed where the others had formerly sat. Thus returning the clock to its original state to “dong, dong, dong”, to go on and continue to torment several more generations of Jagers long after we have all gone.
The Electric Heater
Ingrid Maree Jager
3163332
An electric heater is a device used for heating rooms or spaces. This particular model of the electric heater was found amongst other treasures at the Mooreland Annex in Melbourne, Australia. This beautiful relic is reminiscent of the old broadcasting microphones that came to be the symbol of radio in the 1930s. It also resembles the traditional steel fans with their menacing metal grille tempting the fingers of the young with ghastly results. One of the most striking elements of this old electric heater is how dangerously unstable it looks, this little heater threatened to topple over and set the place alight.
Technically speaking the electric heater is an electrical appliance that converts electricity into heat utilising the principle of Joule heating. Joule heating is the process in which electric energy is converted into heat energy by an electric current flowing through a resistor. The process works as the resistors become hot when an electrical current is sent through them and meets resistance. Resistors may be composed of metal-alloy wire, non-metallic carbon compounds, or printed circuits. Heating elements may have exposed resistor coils mounted on insulators, metallic resistors embedded in refractory insulation and encased in protective metal, or a printed circuit encased in glass. Fins may also be used to increase the area that dissipates the heat. This particular early model of heater has a porcelain cone that contains a heating coil positioned in the middle of a metal disc.
All electric heaters utilise the same physical principal to generate heat, however there are several different methods by which the heat may be delivered.
Radiant heaters, or “space heaters”, contain a heating element that reaches a high temperature and a reflector to direct the heat away from the body of the heater. The heating element is generally packaged inside a glass envelope resembling a light bulb that emits infrared radiation. The infrared radiation travels through the air until it reaches an absorbing surface at which point the energy is partially converted to heat and partially reflected. Radiant heaters directly warm people and objects as oppose to heating the actual air itself, this is known as ‘direct heating’ or ‘spot heating’. Due to this method of direct heating radiant heaters are used efficiently in areas of higher airflow. This style of heating is an excellent choice for task specific heating and is used for industrial purpose. However due to the focused intensity of their output and general lack of overheat protection, this direct heating poses great potential danger to nearby furnishings.
A convection heater delivers the heat energy via conduction. The process of conduction is based on the principal that hot air is less dense than cold air. The heat energy is transferred to the air surrounding the heater thus decreasing the density of the air causing the hot air to rise. The cool air replaces the rising hot air and is in turn heated. As the hot air rises it becomes distanced from the heat source and eventually cools and falls. This heating and cooling creates a constant current of hot air that leaves the appliance through vent holes and heats up the surrounding space. Convection heaters therefore work best in a closed space and are very safe posing a low risk of fire hazard. In the United Kingdom, these appliances are sometimes called electric fires, because they were originally used to replace open fires.
A fan heater is essentially a convection heater with an electric fan which speeds up the airflow. This reduces the thermal resistance between the heating element and the surroundings, allowing heat to be transferred faster. However they are considerably noisy due to the fan and do pose a higher risk of fire hazard, although the risk is moderate.
A storage heating system utilises cheaper electricity sold during low demand periods. The heater stores the heat in clay bricks and releases it when required during the day.
The most consistent room temperature is achieved by a home radiant heat system works by running an electric current through a conductive heating material which then heats the flooring to the temperature set by the thermostat. The flooring then heats the adjacent air which, as it rises, heats the room and its objects by convection.
Electric heaters are utilised in materials processing in industry and the joule principle is adapted for many of our day-to-day appliances including the hairdryer and toaster both which employ the use of resistors to create heat. The electric heater is a source of direct heating as the conversion of energy into heat occurs at the site to be heated. Due to this they are generally used as a domestic or personal heater often small and easily transportable as central heating is a much more cost effective and consistent method of heating large spaces and home.
However, the concept of central heating is not a new one. The earliest methods of indoor heating appeared when man discovered fire, the humble campfire has provided man with warmth for millions of years. Many Asian and Mediterranean countries with milder climates also used fire to heat spaces but they tended to use charcoal, made from burnt timber, for fuel as oppose to wood as it created less smoke. The problem of the excesses of smoke from burning materials in a confined space was virtually eliminated by the 13th century after the introduction of the chimney to Europe. Initially a simple hole or aperture in the ceiling the chimney soon found its home directly above the fireplace.
The ancient Greeks on the other hand are believed to have invented and utilised an ingenious method of central heating not dissimilar to that employed today. But it was the Romans who engineered the heating system known as hypocaust. The system was essentially a collection of air spaces or ducts that were located beneath the mosaic floors. Brushwood, charcoal or coal was burned at a central location and the hot air travelled beneath the floor heating it. This system of heating disappeared with the Roman Empire, emerging 1500 years later.
The experimentation and development of the light bulb in the late 1700s revealed that heat was created when electrical current was passed through resistors. This creation of heat was a great obstacle in the development of the light bulb but allowed for the development of many other appliances and industrial methods. The electric heater was created around 1822, the year the French mathematician Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier published a mathematical description of the laws of conduction that were formulated by French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot in 1804.
The original electric heaters were similar to the one pictured in that they were small and unsteady looking appliances that whilst getting very hot themselves did not deliver much heat to the surrounding areas. This posed a big problem as the only way to attain warmth from the heater was to sit as close to the heater as possible which in turn resulted in innumerable house fires and burns, in particular in the 1950s. However, although the design and safety of the electric heater has been developed over the years and central heating has become extremely common the fire hazard posed by electric heaters has not disappeared.
In a modern day setting the risk posed by electric heaters is generally due to misuse. A common misuse of the electric heater is when small space heaters are employed to heat large spaces and are left unattended or are consistently used for prolonged periods. This is a particular issue in places that experience extreme cold, such as Europe. Many of the modern hazards posed by the electric heater are the same as any other electric appliance which requires maintenance of electric cords. Other hazards are posed by inadequate vacant space surrounding the heater causing ignition of furnishings or papers. Drying clothes or hanging things over heaters also creates a potential hazard.
As the design and efficiency of the electric heater increased the modern home saw a steady decline in the use of the messy old fireplace and even the aesthetic value of the traditional was traded in for the removal of the chimney draught. However nowadays we are seeing a return of the aesthetic value and sensory comfort of the humble fire. Electric fires and gas fires are becoming an increasingly popular addition to the modern home in combination with a hidden central heating system.
With a strong social focus nowadays on sustainability and energy efficiency society has seen a rapid decline in the presence of the electric heater. The trend has shifted to building houses that require minimal heating due to effective insulation among other things. However the basic principle upon which the electric heater works will remain in other appliances for a long time to come but one day we will have to return to the campfire for that familiar feeling of being so close to direct heat that you feel as though you are burning but when you step back being overcome with a rush of coldness. This is what electric heaters mean to most of us when they evoke those memories of cold nights and warm pyjamas from our childhood.
3163332
An electric heater is a device used for heating rooms or spaces. This particular model of the electric heater was found amongst other treasures at the Mooreland Annex in Melbourne, Australia. This beautiful relic is reminiscent of the old broadcasting microphones that came to be the symbol of radio in the 1930s. It also resembles the traditional steel fans with their menacing metal grille tempting the fingers of the young with ghastly results. One of the most striking elements of this old electric heater is how dangerously unstable it looks, this little heater threatened to topple over and set the place alight.
Technically speaking the electric heater is an electrical appliance that converts electricity into heat utilising the principle of Joule heating. Joule heating is the process in which electric energy is converted into heat energy by an electric current flowing through a resistor. The process works as the resistors become hot when an electrical current is sent through them and meets resistance. Resistors may be composed of metal-alloy wire, non-metallic carbon compounds, or printed circuits. Heating elements may have exposed resistor coils mounted on insulators, metallic resistors embedded in refractory insulation and encased in protective metal, or a printed circuit encased in glass. Fins may also be used to increase the area that dissipates the heat. This particular early model of heater has a porcelain cone that contains a heating coil positioned in the middle of a metal disc.
All electric heaters utilise the same physical principal to generate heat, however there are several different methods by which the heat may be delivered.
Radiant heaters, or “space heaters”, contain a heating element that reaches a high temperature and a reflector to direct the heat away from the body of the heater. The heating element is generally packaged inside a glass envelope resembling a light bulb that emits infrared radiation. The infrared radiation travels through the air until it reaches an absorbing surface at which point the energy is partially converted to heat and partially reflected. Radiant heaters directly warm people and objects as oppose to heating the actual air itself, this is known as ‘direct heating’ or ‘spot heating’. Due to this method of direct heating radiant heaters are used efficiently in areas of higher airflow. This style of heating is an excellent choice for task specific heating and is used for industrial purpose. However due to the focused intensity of their output and general lack of overheat protection, this direct heating poses great potential danger to nearby furnishings.
A convection heater delivers the heat energy via conduction. The process of conduction is based on the principal that hot air is less dense than cold air. The heat energy is transferred to the air surrounding the heater thus decreasing the density of the air causing the hot air to rise. The cool air replaces the rising hot air and is in turn heated. As the hot air rises it becomes distanced from the heat source and eventually cools and falls. This heating and cooling creates a constant current of hot air that leaves the appliance through vent holes and heats up the surrounding space. Convection heaters therefore work best in a closed space and are very safe posing a low risk of fire hazard. In the United Kingdom, these appliances are sometimes called electric fires, because they were originally used to replace open fires.
A fan heater is essentially a convection heater with an electric fan which speeds up the airflow. This reduces the thermal resistance between the heating element and the surroundings, allowing heat to be transferred faster. However they are considerably noisy due to the fan and do pose a higher risk of fire hazard, although the risk is moderate.
A storage heating system utilises cheaper electricity sold during low demand periods. The heater stores the heat in clay bricks and releases it when required during the day.
The most consistent room temperature is achieved by a home radiant heat system works by running an electric current through a conductive heating material which then heats the flooring to the temperature set by the thermostat. The flooring then heats the adjacent air which, as it rises, heats the room and its objects by convection.
Electric heaters are utilised in materials processing in industry and the joule principle is adapted for many of our day-to-day appliances including the hairdryer and toaster both which employ the use of resistors to create heat. The electric heater is a source of direct heating as the conversion of energy into heat occurs at the site to be heated. Due to this they are generally used as a domestic or personal heater often small and easily transportable as central heating is a much more cost effective and consistent method of heating large spaces and home.
However, the concept of central heating is not a new one. The earliest methods of indoor heating appeared when man discovered fire, the humble campfire has provided man with warmth for millions of years. Many Asian and Mediterranean countries with milder climates also used fire to heat spaces but they tended to use charcoal, made from burnt timber, for fuel as oppose to wood as it created less smoke. The problem of the excesses of smoke from burning materials in a confined space was virtually eliminated by the 13th century after the introduction of the chimney to Europe. Initially a simple hole or aperture in the ceiling the chimney soon found its home directly above the fireplace.
The ancient Greeks on the other hand are believed to have invented and utilised an ingenious method of central heating not dissimilar to that employed today. But it was the Romans who engineered the heating system known as hypocaust. The system was essentially a collection of air spaces or ducts that were located beneath the mosaic floors. Brushwood, charcoal or coal was burned at a central location and the hot air travelled beneath the floor heating it. This system of heating disappeared with the Roman Empire, emerging 1500 years later.
The experimentation and development of the light bulb in the late 1700s revealed that heat was created when electrical current was passed through resistors. This creation of heat was a great obstacle in the development of the light bulb but allowed for the development of many other appliances and industrial methods. The electric heater was created around 1822, the year the French mathematician Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier published a mathematical description of the laws of conduction that were formulated by French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot in 1804.
The original electric heaters were similar to the one pictured in that they were small and unsteady looking appliances that whilst getting very hot themselves did not deliver much heat to the surrounding areas. This posed a big problem as the only way to attain warmth from the heater was to sit as close to the heater as possible which in turn resulted in innumerable house fires and burns, in particular in the 1950s. However, although the design and safety of the electric heater has been developed over the years and central heating has become extremely common the fire hazard posed by electric heaters has not disappeared.
In a modern day setting the risk posed by electric heaters is generally due to misuse. A common misuse of the electric heater is when small space heaters are employed to heat large spaces and are left unattended or are consistently used for prolonged periods. This is a particular issue in places that experience extreme cold, such as Europe. Many of the modern hazards posed by the electric heater are the same as any other electric appliance which requires maintenance of electric cords. Other hazards are posed by inadequate vacant space surrounding the heater causing ignition of furnishings or papers. Drying clothes or hanging things over heaters also creates a potential hazard.
As the design and efficiency of the electric heater increased the modern home saw a steady decline in the use of the messy old fireplace and even the aesthetic value of the traditional was traded in for the removal of the chimney draught. However nowadays we are seeing a return of the aesthetic value and sensory comfort of the humble fire. Electric fires and gas fires are becoming an increasingly popular addition to the modern home in combination with a hidden central heating system.
With a strong social focus nowadays on sustainability and energy efficiency society has seen a rapid decline in the presence of the electric heater. The trend has shifted to building houses that require minimal heating due to effective insulation among other things. However the basic principle upon which the electric heater works will remain in other appliances for a long time to come but one day we will have to return to the campfire for that familiar feeling of being so close to direct heat that you feel as though you are burning but when you step back being overcome with a rush of coldness. This is what electric heaters mean to most of us when they evoke those memories of cold nights and warm pyjamas from our childhood.
Thursday, June 21, 2007
The Iron Lung
Ingenious
Alana Sutherland s3108081
The earliest case of Polio or ‘Infantile Paralysis’ in
Polio (Poliomyelitis) is a viral disease, when at its most severe, attacks the central nervous system causing permanent or temporary paralysis. Victims with ‘anterior’ poliomyelitis are unable to breath on their own and require artificial respiration to keep them alive. When The Iron Lung is in use the person is placed into the central chamber, a cylindrical steel drum, and a seal is formed allowing only the head and neck to remain free. The air tight compartment encases the rest of the body and pumps that control airflow periodically decrease and increase the air pressure within the chamber, particularly on the chest. When the pressure falls below that within the lungs, the lungs expand and air from outside the chamber is sucked in via the person’s nose and airways to keep the lungs filled; when the pressure rises above that within the lungs, the reverse occurs, and air is expelled. In this manner the Iron Lung mimics the action of natural breathing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION SOURCED FROM ARCHIVES- OF IRON LUNG SEEN IN MUSEUMS VICTORIA MORELAND ANNEXE IN
“THIS RESPIRATOR, COMMONLY KNOWN AS AN ‘IRON LUNG’ CONSISTS BASICALLY OF A WOODEN BOX, WHICH RESTS ON A
As recorded in ‘The Hammer’- Health and
“By 1994 there were 50 long-term patients, most at home using positive pressure ventilation. Since their transfer to the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre in 1996, over 200 patients are now being supported in this way with only five now using tank ventilators, three at home. Several backup ventilators still exist while one ventilator painted in the red and black Essendon football colours by its last user has been donated to the
This particular Iron Lung was occupied by a patient at
Many jobs were born from Polio, not only through the need for Medical staff, but for carers and other generous people wanting to make a difference. Adult Polio victims generally felt sexually frustrated and physically unattractive, so to relieve this burden they employed people, and this was done in a very understanding and beautiful manner.
The Iron Lung, a showcase of modern technology, shows great appreciation for the respiratory system, with several inventors designing the crucial Iron Lung and engineers developing the technologies to keep the Polio victims alive.
The Drinker Iron Lung
The Drinker respirator was developed in the late 1920s by Phillip Drinker at the Rockefeller Institute in the
The Both Iron Lung
Although operating on the same principle as the Drinker respirator, external negative pressure, the Both respirator was much more efficient and cheaper to produce. One of its positive aspects was that it was made of plywood, thus enabling portability due to its weight. It was infact called the ‘Both portable cabinet respirator’. The term ‘Iron Lung’ was used for the Both respirators though they were made from plywood, the designers themselves even referring to them as ‘Iron Lungs’.
The Boths, a husband and wife team, were approached by health authorities in
Very few Iron Lungs are still used in
To comprehend Polio one must lie in an Iron Lung and not move, not an inch, and imagine that sensation lasting until they die, even then that’s really only pretend. Those who cared for and bathed, shaved, fed and sung to a Polio victim are the only ones who come close to understanding the affect Polio had on the body, mind and soul.
+ REFERENCES
Museums Victoria Moreland Annexe- Archives
Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library
www.historical.hsl.virginia.edu
The Hammer
Health and Medicine Museums newsletter
Issue number.24 March 2003 PDF Adobe Acrobat
Breathing Lessons (Video recording)-
The Life and Work of Mark O’Brien
Swanston Library Audiovisual Collection
Call no. Av.616.835
Monday, June 11, 2007
Vorwerk Kobold - Michelle J.V. - Ingenious
How a vacuum cleaner saved
a Company
Michelle Vanspall
S3137096
“Vorwerk Kobold vacuum cleaner. Resembles a small broom with a small motor attached to it. A small dust bag connects behind the motor. Wooden handle, originally painted brown, has a metal hoop at top.”
There is a history behind this vacuum cleaner as it began the history of a long established company.
The si
gnificance of the Vorwerk Kobold had started this chain reaction which provided the foundation of the success of a company which still grows today.
The Kobold is a combination of wood, plastic and steel with a linen dust bag. Its ‘broom stick’ like wooden handle is fixed with a metal hoop at the top to allow for the vacuum to be neatly hung out of
the way as tidiness was a reflection of the household and the housewife. In addition to aid the idea of tidiness the handle is fixed with two hooks, one of metal and the other being plastic coated, so that the wire can be trimly wrapped around to allow for easier mobility as well as a neat store away. The simplicity of this design can clearly been seen in the way the dust bag is connected which is with a small metal hook screwed into the handle and a string connected
to the top of the dust bag which is tied for easy removal. The linen bag, too small to cover even a football is reinforced using a circular leather strap to allow for more suction. A three fingered metal clamp on a metal tube is what holds the connection be
tween the bag and the motor. The motor is covered using bakelite plastic which is reinforced with a hand held screw. The plastic mould would have been cheap to manufacture as plastic had become the new material for in home appliances. The Kobold is topped off with a wooden brush head with short bristles. This simple design paved the way for other vacuums of the time using the Kobold to improve on their designs, the main changes being the attachment of the on/off switch at the top of the handle for easy use rather then at the bottom on the motor itself. Also the size in dust bag and bigger brush heads, mainly pl
astic molded to allow for more effective suction. The Vorwerk Company endured many obstacles to get this design into the world as they knew it would revolutionize cleaning for the everyday household.
The Vorwerk Company had quite a large share of struggles, both within the company itself and outer events, and had there not been the revolutionary new vacuum cleaner, the company would not have been able to start their success story of which today is still growing strong. The firm, based in
ough a string of management from the very birth of the company yet control had always been within the family. Starting in 1883 the Barmer Teppichfabrik Vorwerk & Co was founded by the brothers Carl and Adolph Vorwerk. That very same year, the brothers parted ways and Carl Vorwerk continued to run the company.
Carl Vorwerk’s son, Carl jr., was to be his successor as company director, but he passed away just a few months after taking the control in 1903. Thus, upon the death of the company founder in 1907, his son-in-law, August Mittelsten Scheid, became sole managing partner. The company then builds up a reliable work force and under his leadership, the company diversified, manufacturing
products such as car axels, gear boxes and electric motors for gramophones.
In 1929, one small motor throws Vorwerk into the electronics industry. As the invention of the radio grew in popularity after its release in 1926, naturally the gram
ophone sales dropped precipitously. Then the onset of the world economic crisis in 1929 brought the gramophone industry to a complete standstill. This dire situation forced Vorwerk to focus on other products giving them its first experience of electrically driven products. Chief engineer Engelbert Gorissen created, using the original gramophone motor to construct the heart of a completely new vacuum cleaner, a high-p
erformance electric upright vacuum cleaner. On
Vorwerk was well known for their carpet making industry, and as that was no longer in production, they had to create awareness on their new and improved line of work. Therefore they launched a new image campaign based on the concept of family. They had to become more appealing to the public if people were to allow them to enter their homes. They launched the slogan “Vorwerk- Our best for your family”. This had become their core philosophy. It was to “to raise public awareness for a neglected area in social policy, i.e. the lack of recognition for work within the family” or “to promote greater recognition for the achievements represented by childrearing and housework and to stand up for better public acceptance of these activities”. This allowed the company to grow in their popularity as this concept appealed greatly to their target audience of housewives. It was also essential to be a family run business as it also emphasized their notion of a user friendly image. They core philosophy and values have been consistent through the years, but have just adapted to its time.
In 1929, advertising was a lot harder to spread quickly, thus sales of this completely unknown appliance in
World War II had a substantial effect on the company as it had on many other companies of the time as the sales were forced to cease activities when the main plant in Wuppertal-Barmen was bombed and severely damaged in May 1943. However the company kept its head out of the water by selling a variety of products and discontinued operations. Straight after the war, reconstruction work begins on the building and on expanding the business once again and this time expanding throughout
Had there not been the invention of this remarkable vacuum the company would have lost all assets during the war like the majority of businesses had, the invention of this, what now would be considered simple, had put the company of Vorwerk on the road to success. To this day, Vorwerk Kobold vacuum cleaners have an unrivalled reputation for quality and performance. And they’re still amongst the most versatile on the market, “allowing you to tackle carpets, hard floors, mattresses, furniture, and even the most inaccessible corners with ease.”
References
§ Vorwerk (company)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Date Accessed:
last modified 14:18, 19 March 2007
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorwerk_(company)
§ Convenience, Performance, Design
Vorwerk Kobold
Date Accessed:
http://www.vorwerk.com/html/kobold_systems.html
§ The Ultimate Cleaning System
Date Accessed:
Copyright 2006 VK Direct Limited. All rights reserved
http://www.vorwerkdemo.co.uk/heritage.html
§ Vorwerk & Co. - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Vorwerk & Co.
Date Accessed:
Copyright © 2007 - NetIndustries, LLC.
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/63/Vorwerk-Co.html
§ Moreland annex
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